The Perfect Eleventh: A Comprehensive Guide to This Unique Interval
Definition and Explanation
A Perfect Eleventh is a compound interval spanning an octave plus a perfect fourth. In simpler terms, it's the distance from a root note to the note eleven scale degrees above it. For example, from C to F (an octave above) is a Perfect Eleventh.
Historical Context and Musical Significance
The Perfect Eleventh gained prominence during the Romantic era as composers began exploring richer harmonic textures. It became particularly important in jazz during the 20th century as part of extended chord voicings.
Technical Construction
Interval Structure
- Simple interval: Perfect 4th
- Compound interval: Perfect 11th (octave + perfect 4th)
- Semitone count: 17 semitones
Practical Applications
In Jazz Harmony
The Perfect Eleventh is commonly used in dominant 11th chords (e.g., C11: C-E-G-Bb-D-F). It creates a lush, sophisticated sound when voiced properly.
In Classical Music
Composers like Debussy and Ravel used the Perfect Eleventh to create impressionistic harmonic colors, often in parallel motion.
Progressive Exercises
Level 1: Identification
Play and sing Perfect Elevenths starting on different root notes.
Level 2: Application
Construct dominant 11th chords in all keys and play them in various inversions.
Level 3: Composition
Write a short jazz progression incorporating Perfect Eleventh extensions.
Common Usage Across Genres
Jazz
Used extensively in extended chord voicings, particularly in modal jazz.
Rock
Appears in more sophisticated rock arrangements, especially in progressive rock.
Pop
Used sparingly to add harmonic interest in sophisticated pop arrangements.
Musical Examples
Chord Example: C11 (C-E-G-Bb-D-F)
Progression Example: | C11 | Fmaj7 | Dm7 G7 | Cmaj7 |